ZK Secret Santa Brings Private On-Chain Interactions to Ethereum

Pushing the limits of blockchain innovation, Artem Chystiakov, lead Solidity engineer at Distributed Lab, has rolled out a protocol that allows Ethereum to host games while keeping players’ actions and identities hidden. The design ensures sensitive details remain confidential while the network can still confirm that all moves follow the rules. This opens the door to privacy-focused gameplay on Ethereum without compromising fairness or accuracy.

Zero-Knowledge Proofs Bring Secret Santa to Ethereum

Chystiakov’s creation, the ZK Secret Santa (ZKSS) protocol, uses zero-knowledge proofs to connect each gift sender with the correct recipient while keeping the sender anonymous. The system operates without a central authority and relies on a permutational derangement to prevent anyone from selecting themselves. 

By providing a real-world example of privacy in action, ZKSS illustrates how Ethereum can develop tools that appeal to businesses and institutional users seeking confidentiality.

Protecting Privacy and Ensuring Fairness on Ethereum

Ethereum’s public ledger makes it impossible to hide computations or user identities by default. To protect participants in ZKSS, the protocol combines transaction relayers with zero-knowledge proofs, keeping addresses concealed throughout the gift exchange process.

Another challenge is the lack of reliable on-chain randomness. In ZKSS, participants themselves generate sender-and-recipient pairings. Zero-knowledge proofs then confirm no one picks themselves. The protocol also handles duplicate actions using nullifiers, which serve as blind markers to prevent double participation.

A Three-Phase Process Secures Accuracy and Privacy

ZKSS runs in three stages, requiring each participant to contribute without interacting directly with others. Its cryptographic framework ensures both process correctness and user privacy, relying on hash functions, ECDSA signature recovery, and Merkle proofs.

During the setup stage, participants add their addresses to a Sparse Merkle Tree and register hashed signatures. They also provide anonymous randomness values, acting as RSA public keys to encrypt recipient addresses securely.

The ZK Secret Santa protocol maintains privacy and ensures correctness through a series of interlinked steps:

• The ZKSS begins with signature commitment, which requires participants to generate their ECDSA signatures in a fixed and predictable way, protecting the system from potential disruptions.
• Building on this, the protocol collects participants’ anonymous randomness values to establish the gift senders while keeping identities hidden.
• It concludes with receiver disclosure, where recipients are revealed and matches are finalized, allowing senders to deliver gifts without needing a relayer.

By addressing these privacy and operational challenges, ZKSS strengthens Ethereum’s capability to protect users from exposure, surveillance by competitors, or targeting by attackers monitoring wallet activity—all while preserving the integrity of on-chain gaming.

Broader Context: Privacy Solutions and Regulatory Developments

ZKSS joins a growing number of projects advancing privacy on Ethereum. Platforms such as RAILGUN and Aztec Network allow users to keep wallet balances and transaction activity private while still operating securely on Ethereum. These systems let users maintain private balances that only they can access, ensuring confidentiality for all their transactions.

However, regulators are closely monitoring privacy in crypto. The Financial Stability Board noted that strict privacy rules can make it harder to supervise cryptocurrency activity globally, noting in October that confidentiality requirements restrict the exchange of data between regulatory regions. 

In response, the European Union rolled out new regulations in November that require exchanges and wallet providers to report details of users’ crypto holdings in a standardized format, with compliance set to begin in January 2026. These developments show the balance Ethereum and other networks must strike between protecting user privacy and meeting regulatory standards.