Bitcoin: El Salvador Accused Of Circumventing IMF Rules

In a tense economic context, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) recently criticized El Salvador for failing to comply with certain commitments related to its $1.4 billion financial aid program. At the heart of this controversy: the Chivo Wallet, a state-backed digital wallet, and what is deemed an opaque management of bitcoin reserves. While President Nayib Bukele defends an ambitious crypto strategy, the IMF calls for de-escalation.

El Salvador Violates Its Bitcoin Commitments: What the Latest IMF Report Reveals

The latest report published as part of the EFF (Extended Fund Facility) program highlights worrying discrepancies. According to the IMF, El Salvador did not comply with the bitcoin non-accumulation objective: although the government has not purchased new tokens since 2022, it allegedly consolidated existing holdings by transferring them into a new cold wallet, offline.

The IMF notes also that minor breaches of conditionality occurred due to BTC deposit fluctuations in Chivo Wallet, and the absence of an adequate liquidity management policy. When users sell their bitcoins, Chivo does not liquidate the underlying cryptocurrency, which mechanically increases public bitcoin holdings.

These discrepancies are monitored using portfolio control tools, including signed statements of Chivo’s “hot” and “cold” addresses, as well as a daily movement detection system. The IMF indicates, however, that corrective measures have been taken to establish a safety buffer and avoid new violations, especially before the planned sale of Chivo.

Chivo Wallet in Turmoil: Technical Risks and Impending Liquidation

Launched in 2021 to facilitate the use of bitcoin as legal tender, the Chivo Wallet quickly became one of the symbols of the country’s crypto strategy. However, it is also the subject of harsh criticism:

• Recurring technical failures;
• Vulnerabilities in cybersecurity;
• Lack of transparency on transactions and public funds.

These Chivo Wallet failures thus played a direct role in El Salvador’s failure to meet commitments under its agreement with the IMF. In response to criticisms, authorities announced the sale or divestment of Chivo Wallet, as well as the liquidation of Fidebitcoin, a public fund created to facilitate BTC-USD exchanges. These measures aim to mitigate future risks and remove public finances from daily crypto operations.

Bitcoin, Sovereignty, and Strategic Silence: The Shadow of the Bukele Plan

Since adopting Bitcoin as legal tender in September 2021, El Salvador has invested in the cryptocurrency with a logic of financial innovation. Nayib Bukele, a staunch advocate of this direction, sees it as a lever for economic independence.

However, returns have not met expectations. Investments made when BTC was above $40,000 are now highly debated. The country announced profits, but without verifiable data or an independent audit, the claim remains contested.

Notably, the IMF report makes no explicit mention of the bitcoin accumulation program led by President Bukele. This allows his administration to continue acquiring tokens without officially triggering non-compliance under the agreement. A strategic omission that raises questions.

This standoff confronts the IMF with a new equation: how to regulate cryptocurrency use while ensuring access to financing? The El Salvador case could set a precedent for other nations considering similar adoption, notably Argentina, which oscillates between bitcoin and dedollarization. The IMF’s credibility is also at stake. By targeting the Chivo Wallet and demanding greater transparency, the institution seeks to preserve its authority and enforce its fiscal rules.